![]() ![]() However, these methods have limitations and are validated only in chronic low back pain populations. Our results allowed us to recommend two observation methods for clinical practice. The extraction of the PB allowed us to list a large range of PB and classify the data in 7 categories of PB. ![]() For the second objective, 107 studies met the inclusion criteria. After the psychometric step, two observation methods were retained and recommended for clinical practice: the Behavioral Avoidance Test-Back Pain (BAT-Back) and the Pain Behaviour Scale (PaBS). The clinical criteria allowed us to select three observation methods. Resultsįrom the 3362 retrieved studies, 47 met the inclusion criteria for the first objective. For the second objective, we extracted PB found in the literature to list potential PB that patients could exhibit, and clinicians could observe. For the first objective, a two-step critical appraisal used clinical criteria (from qualitative studies on barriers to implement routine measures) and psychometric criteria (from Brink and Louw critical appraisal tool) to determine which observation methods could be recommended for clinical practice. We conducted a comprehensive review on four databases with a generic search strategy in order to obtain the largest range of PB. As a secondary objective, we explored and extracted the different observable PB that patients could exhibit and that clinicians could observe. The main objective of this study was to identify direct observation methods and critically appraise them in order to propose recommendations for practice. To date, in the context of assessment in a rehabilitation setting, PB in clinical settings are poorly documented. Thus, clinicians must be prepared to recognize maladaptive PB in a clinical context. ![]() These maladaptive PB will further increase the risk of chronicity or persistence of symptoms and disability. These factors can lead to pain behaviors (PB) that can persist and become maladaptive. Cognitive-affective factors influence the perception of pain and disability. ![]()
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